Political Trials And What Can They Tell Us About The Relationship Essay

Political Trials And What Can They Tell Us About The Relationship Between Law And Politics - Essay Example Sometimes, there are no political officials used in these trials. In such cases, the fact that these trials address political agendas becomes the differentiating factor (Aegis 2009, p.57). Political trials either fall in any of the four categories. This paper addresses the description of the four categories. Most of these trials fall in the partisan trial category. The partisan category is the most common of the four. The law defines the partisan trial as a trial in which criminal legal proceedings get sanctioned by a government in power with the hope of crushing any arising opposition. This helps to reinforce and consolidate this government’s power (Aristotle 2006, p.177). The officials chosen to try these cases are normally affiliates of the government. In addition, they tend to share the same ideologies with the government in question. Therefore, from these two characteristics defining these trials, it becomes rather obvious that political trials are unjust, discriminatory and biased (Stephen 2008, p. 176). Political trials are also common in totalitarian forms of governments, ruled by leaders who are dictators. These forms of government require docility from its subjects and unquestionable co-operation for it to function. Therefore, any form of disobedience noted among the subjects; be it passive or active, leads to setting up of courts by the government comprising of political officials. The government always emerges victorious in these trials because of the biased nature of the legal proceedings (Perry 1990, p.190). Karl Marx, a prominent, sociologist advances in his conflict theory that conflict results from the ruling class’ need to hold on to their power and rule over their subordinates (Christenson 1999, p.69). Marx’s theory helps to explain why a government in power sets up biased, criminal legal proceedings in the attempt to squash opposition from the subordinates. These trials instill fear through the consequences that result f rom the political officials’ ruling. A historical perspective provides examples of partisan trials. Adolf Hitler, Mussolini and Joseph Stalin among other dictators sanctioned many partisan trials during their reign. They used them to control their subjects (Grigsby 2011, p.77). Those found guilty received harsh, inhumane treatment. They served as examples to other subjects who wanted to oppose the existing government. Prosecution of religious and political rebels driven by their conscience and moral obligations to the cause they fight for and believe in; is another political trial. Unlike partisan trials, these trials’ main characteristic includes the trying of defendants with impartial court officials. These trails are also acutely sensitive and can either reflect negatively or positively on the government (Laughland 2008, p.256). For example, if the government publicizes the court proceedings, these rebels are likely to challenge the legitimacy of the laws they the g overnment is accusing them of breaking, therefore, attracting a public spectacle. On the other hand, the government cannot look the other way and avoid dealing with the unlawful rebels. This is because the government’s subjects will perceive it as weak and incapable of proper leadership. Therefore, the government understands that the rebels driving force lies in their beliefs. It also considers the fact that they have many supporters making them hugely influential. Therefore, they pose a significant risk to the governments. Thus, the use of impartial court officials proves to be the best strategy the government can use. This is because it prevents future, negative public opinion which might work against

Central Group and Jirathivat Family Essay Example for Free

Central Group and Jirathivat Family Essay Tiang Jirathiwat moved from China to Thailand with no asset. In 1947, he started a general store in in Samphanthawong district, Bangkoks Chinatown. In 1957, his son, Samrit Jirathiwat, opened the first Central Department Store in Wangburapha and developed later on. In 1968, Central Silom was run with loss because people thought the imported items might be too expensive ! After two years, the Jirathiwats changed the strategy and made profit. Some family members (2nd Generation) were sent to study abroad and came back to develop Central Chidlom with Siblings and relatives. So, Central Chidlom made profit since its first year. Management Styles : First Generation : Tao Kae (concerned on cost of goods, loss and profit) Second Generation : Committee (concerned more on investment and finance) Third Generation : Family Council (development by family members under the family’s rules and regulations) The business transition from the first to the second generation was not complex, but from the second to the third generation was more complex, since nowadays there were much more business factors. For Central Group, which has been operating with many family members, there must be the rules and regulations besides the business issues. To be more focused on the third generation, they must work together and compromise â€Å"conservative† and with the â€Å"aggressive† styles ! Rotation and Distribution When to business turns to be more complex and operated by the larger numbers of family members, to make decisions is not simple. All Jirathiwats must know all A, B, C and D steps. Moreover, since the family members are graduated and have experiences in various fields, the work rotation and distribution are very efficient. Different families of Jirathiwats will work together, which leads to the family relation and unity. Jirathiwats is in charge of knowledge and experience of all family members. They focus both on â€Å"Drive and Control† as well as â€Å"Transition† of the family business. â€Å"The elements of strong business are Strategy, Money and People money will bring strategies successful, but without good people, there won’t be an effective implementation†. (Tos Jirathiwat, CEO of CRC since 2002) Challenges In general family business, the CEO is wearing three hats; head of the family, business owner and the administrative CEO. This person must well balance all three actions, to be more specific, if he is focusing more on business issues, the family relationship can be weak. He should support the family members to be gradually evolved the business to make the members feel with this â€Å"family business† and are willing to involve of the business continuously. Hence, the conflict of interest will not be existing among the business performance and family harmony. This will make the transition to the next (4th) Generation the most possibly efficient. â€Å"The business competition is same as the war, which needs not only the individual ability but team work ! â€Å" Preventions â€Å"We must separate into two main issues; issues among family members and issues among stakeholders† (Tos Chirathivat, CEO of CRC since 2002) 1. Family Council From this reason, Family Council has been set in order to direct all Jirathiwats and give them rights and compensations. Here are some issues on Family Council : Descriptions of a good member of Jirathiwat The Rights that all Jirathiwats will receive, for instance, funds of birth giving, education, infrastructure expenses in family house, health care and hospitality. 2. Family Business Constitution Family constitution is strategies and solutions which should be implemented to deal with family-related matters that impact on business issues. It is necessary for family business to set regulations or rules in order to prevent conflicts that can happen. By the way, conflicts are the cause that creates regulation or rules. An effective Family Business Constitution might include: criteria for joining the family business a definition of roles responsibilities of active mechanisms to be adopted for the transfer of ownership and leadership. Jirathiwat Family also has a Family Constitution which will maintain harmony and co-operation, also solve conflicts. Agreements for family business are a clear, simple, understandable and enforceable set of guidelines for the effective operation and continuance of the enterprise. The 8 following issues are the Family Constitution of Jirathiwat, which seems to be very strict, but to link all family members together and to the family business: 1. All Jirathiwat families must stay in the same house, doing all activities together. 2. Everyone must respect in seniority, for example, parents will teach children, elder brother will teach his younger siblings. 3. Ranking is more important than age. 4. Democracy comes first and everyone has a right to express ideas. 5. All boys must be sent to Assumptions, girls to Mater Dei and everyone should be sent abroad. 6. The responsibities in business will be distributed to each, based on age, not seniority. 7. A bad action will be broadcasted to all family members as a bad example. 8. Instead of giving compliments, those persons who have good outcomes, will receive more business tasks and responsibilities. Lesson Learned Joel Arthur Barker said that â€Å"a set of rules and regulations (written or unwritten) that does two things† which are 1. It establishes or defines boundaries For Central: Everyone must have 6-year-experiences outside before coming back work with family 2. It tells you how to behave inside the boundaries in order to success For Central: Not doing business that competes with family business family business or relies on the mail family business. Prevention Before Solve by setting regulations Put the right man on the right job separate people up to their potential Last but not learst, as Jirathiwat has a policy in a form of â€Å"Executive Committee† operated by CEO group, business issues are apart from family issues. This is why they can have a strong family relationship, in the meanwhile, the business has been very well operated and continuously worldwide expanded only by family members.

International Trade Theories Absolute Comparative and Competitive Advantage

International Trade Theories Absolute Comparative and Competitive Advantage Absolute advantage theory was first presented by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Smith provided the first concept of a nations wealth. Adam Smith is a grandfather of economics because he introduced two important concepts that many of the new trade theories are based on these two main concepts, which are specialization and free exchange (Cho et al., 2000). However, many arguments were made and many economists thought there was a problem with the theory of absolute advantage after David Ricardo published the theory of comparative cost (aka comparative advantage) in the early 19th century (Curry, 2000). Even though Smith and his followers introduced many important points for the thoughts of economic, it is too complicated with this simple version of trade theory in todays global economy. In 1990, Michael Porter introduced the diamond model of new competitiveness theory (Cho et al., 2000). These three trade theories are important in order to make a country or busine ss successfully. Therefore, the importance of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and competitive advantage will be discussed thoroughly. Absolute advantage is the ability to produce a good with fewer resources than other producers (Ayers et al., 2005). According to Joseph A. Schumpeter (1954, 374), seems to have believed that under free trade all goods would be produced where their absolute costs in terms of labor are lowest (Van Marrewijk, 2009). Smith suggests that a country should export those goods and services for which it is more productive than other countries are, and import those goods and services for which other countries have more productive than it is. For instance, assume there are only two countries in the world- France and Japan; there are only two goods Wine and Clock radios; and there is only one factor of production- Labor. In France, one hour of labor can produce either two bottles of wine or three clock radios. In Japan, one hour of labor can produce either one bottle of wine or five clock radios. Therefore, the absolute advantage to produce wine is France because one hour of labor produces two b ottles in France, but Japan only produces one. The absolute advantage to produce clock radios is Japan because one hour of labor produces five clock radios in Japan while France only produces three. France is more efficient in the production of wine and Japan is more efficient in the production of clock radios. If these two countries are able to trade with one another, they both will be better off (Griffin et al., 2010). Comparative Advantage The theory of absolute advantage makes sense intuitively. Unfortunately, the theory had a problem. What if one country had an absolute advantage in both products? David Ricardo solved this problem by introducing the theory of comparative advantage, which states that a country should specialize and export those goods and services for which it is relatively more productive than other countries are and import those goods and services for which other countries are relatively more productive than it is (Griffin et al., 2010). Therefore, according to this theory, a country must specialize in order to gain from trade. A country has a comparative advantage if it can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than could other countries. For instance, Michael Jordan selected basketball as his career and economics as his major. He had to make a choice in order to excel at other majors or careers. He chose basketball where he could shine in with his area of relative strength. On the other hand, Doug might take longer to mow yards than other people would take. Even if he cannot do anything well, he can still do some things relatively better than other things. People would still hire him because he would charge them less than the opportunity cost of their own time. In this case, Michael Jordan might hire him because the opportunity cost of his time would be too high. It would be unrelated that whether Michael could do his own lawn faster (Ayers et al., 2005). Even though the comparative advantage is very useful for explaining the reasons of trade and the increases welfare of the trading partners by trade, this theory is still incomplete. There are two problems in this theory. First, the extreme degree of specialization can be predicted by this theory, but in some countries, they not only produce one good but many import-competing products. Second, the trade based on differences in country productivity levels between countries, but it did not explain the existence of these di fferences (Cho et al., 2000). Competitive Advantage The leading theorist of competitive advantage theory is Michael E. Porter. According to Porter, National prosperity is created, not inherited. It grows with natural endowments in a country, as well as its labor pool, its interest rates, or its currencys value. The competitive advantage of nations is the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade to form a nations competitiveness. Companies benefit from having home based suppliers aggressively, domestic rivals strongly, and demanding local customers. Geographic cluster or companies concentrations established competitive advantage in different parts of the same industry. According to Porter, nations are most likely to succeed in industries where the national diamond is the most favorable. He believes that success in international trade comes from the four interrelated components, which are factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy structure, and rivalry. Porter also concluded that their home environment is the most forward-looking, challenging, and dynamic so that nations succeed in particular industries (Cho et al., 2000). Companies achieve competitive advantage from acts of innovation. They approach innovation in both new technologies and new ways of doing things. Innovation can be represented in a new product design, new production process, or a new marketing strategy. Perceiving an entirely new market opportunity can contribute to create competitive advantage from some innovations. Innovation yields competitive advantage when competitors are slow to respond. For instance, in autos and home electronics industries, Japanese companies focused on smaller and lower capacity models that foreign competitors despised as low profit, low importance, and low attraction (Cho et al., 2000). Conclusion The three traditional trade theories were discussed. They are all useful theories that remain in understanding many of industrial and trade policies nowadays. For example, when a country considers industrial and trade policies, the comparative advantage theory can be a basic guideline. Because todays world is much more complicated than before, those theories are not satisfactory in explaining the international trade in nowadays situation. The main goal of model building is understand the world easily by recognize the most important variable or variables (Cho et al., 2000).

Accounting :: essays research papers

Preface Financial statements are prepared and presented for external users by many enterprises around the world. Although such financial statements may appear similar from country to country, there are differences which have probably been caused by a variety of social, economic and legal circumstances and by different countries having in mind the needs of different users of financial statements when setting national requirements. These different circumstances have led to the use of a variety of definitions of the elements of financial statements; that is, for example, assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses. They have also resulted in the use of different criteria for the recognition of items in the financial statements and in a preference for different bases of measurement. The scope of the financial statements and the disclosures made in them have also been affected. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) is committed to narrowing these differences by seeking to harmonise regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It believes that further harmonisation can best be pursued by focusing on financial statements that are prepared for the purpose of providing information that is useful in making economic decisions. The Board of IASC believes that financial statements prepared for this purpose meet the common needs of most users. This is because nearly all users are making economic decisions, for example, to: (a) decide when to buy, hold or sell an equity investment; (b) assess the stewardship or accountability of management; (c) assess the ability of the enterprise to pay and provide other benefits to its employees; (d) assess the security for amounts lent to the enterprise; (e) determine taxation policies; (f) determine distributable profits and dividends; (g) prepare and use national income statistics; or (h) regulate the activities of enterprises. The Board recognises, however, that governments, in particular, may specify different or additional requirements for their own purposes. These requirements should not, however, affect financial statements published for the benefit of other users unless they also meet the needs of those other users. Financial statements are most commonly prepared in accordance with an accounting model based on recoverable historical cost and the nominal financial capital maintenance concept. Other models and concepts may be more appropriate in order to meet the objective of providing information that is useful for making economic decisions although there is presently no consensus for change. This Framework has been developed so that it is applicable to a range of accounting models and concepts of capital and capital maintenance.

Scientology Essay example -- essays research papers

Scientology is a fairly new religion. Founded in the twentieth-century by a man by the name of L. Ron Hubbard. He began his studies long ago and wrote a book in 1950 called Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. He claimed that this book was one of the first tools used to solve the problems of the mind. This book focused on irrational mind, war, crime, and insanity. Mr. Hubbard designed this book so that anyone can use it to improve oneself. He did not stop at Dianetics, however, he felt that there were still some issues that had to be addressed. He was now going to try to figure out the nature of the human being, what makes up our â€Å"being.† Mr. Hubbard combined religion, philosophy, and his theory of dianetics and came up with Scientology. Mr. Hubbard had a unique life. He was born in Tilden, Nebraska, the son of a naval commander Harry Ross Hubbard and Ledora May Hubbard. L. Ron Hubbard was born on March 13, 1911. When he was about two his family moved to Montana where he learned to be a rough western cowboy. His mother was thoroughly educated woman. She taught him how to read and write at an early age. L. Ron Hubbard was said to have an avid interest in life at an early age. When his father’s naval career required that they move away from Montana, his mother was responsible to teach him the schooling he missed. When Ron was twelve the family moved to Seattle, Washington. Ron got the liberty to be associated with many different types of people such as the Blackfoot Indians, Beijing magician, Chinese magicians, and studying Buddhists. He enrolled at George Washington University, his father put him into mathematics and engineering. Now he learned how to take the scientific approach to solving problems. He became more and more interested in the way the mind works. He would ask the professors at George Washington University and they could not give him an answer, so he came up with the idea that the western culture did not understand a thing about the mind. He believed that it was his duty to explore the mind and to tell the western world how it works. This is when he came up with dianetics and then eventually the religion of scientology. Scientology consists of eight dynamics. With these dynamics, a person realizes that his life extends beyond himself. The first dynamic is â€Å"self.† This teaches you to survive as an individual. Taking care of such thi... ... deal with life here on earth and teaches people how to become better people. Improving conditions here on earth is the foremost important thing to fix. Scientology seems to address this issue with full force. It uses modern technology, and knowledge of how human relations to improve the quality of life of people who chose to follow Scientology. In the description of L. Ron Hubbard, I was disgusted. They made it sound like he was this extremely smart guy. When he started studying the mind and the way it works, he noticed that the western society knew nothing about it. He sounded pompous when he said â€Å"it was very obvious that I was dealing with and living in a culture which knew less about the mind than the lowest primitive tribe I had ever come in contact with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I did not like this at all. He sounds like a very arrogant man. Arrogant in a cocky way. In doing research I noticed that all of his followers seem to have the same attitude. I find that it is funny that they are so dedicated to following a man who was born in the twentieth-century. He is an ordinary man who happened to be exceptionally smart. He is a business man who is good at persuading people and wants to make money.

William the Conqueror :: essays research papers

He was the son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, his mother, Herleva, the daughter of a tanner of Falaise. In 1035 William’s father Robert, Duke of Normandy, went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in which he died. Before starting the pilgrimage, he presented to the nobles his seven year old child demanding their allegiance. "He is little", the father said, "but he will grow, and, if God please, he will mend." William, after a period of anarchy, became the ruler of Normandy in his father's place at the age of nine. William had a youth of clean life and of much natural piety, while the years of storm and stress through which he passed gave him an endurance of character which lasted to his life's end. During the time of anarchy in Normandy he became a skilled military leader and defeated his enemies, uniting his duchy. Once he began fighting, rumor has it that he never lost a battle. In 1047 a serious rebellion of nobles occurred, and William with the aid of King Henry of France, gained a great victory at Val-à ¨s-Dunes, near Caen. Which led to the capture of the two strong castles of Alenà §on and Domfront. Using this as his base of operations, the young duke, in 1054 made himself master of the province of Maine and became the most powerful vassal of the French Crown, able on occasion to bid defiance to the king himself. William even married Matilda, the daughter of the Earl of Flanders, in 1053,in spite of the papal prohibition. In 1066 when his claim to the English throne was threatened by Harold Godwinson. Due to the fact that Harold Godwinson overlooked the dead king's wishes. Edward the Confessor, sworn his loyalty to William of Normandy when he died not to Harold. Harold Godwinson promptly had himself proclaimed king. It was only a matter of months before William, Duke of the large and powerful duchy of Normandy in France, paid Harold a visit to bring to his remembrance his own claim to the throne. William raised an army of Normans by promising them land and wealth when he came into his rightful kingship. October 14th 1066 he and William fought at the famous battle of Hastings. William and his army of Normans came, saw, and conquered. True to his promise to his fellow warriors, William systematically replaced the English nobility with Norman barons and noblemen who took control of the land, the people, and the government.

Weddings In The Victorian Era History Essay

In the Victorian Era, there were nuptialss like any other epoch. Except these were different, you may be stating â€Å" Well are n't they ever? â€Å" , but I am here to explicate why. Weddings were less luxuriant, because people did n't like pretentious ornaments and they were much more concluding than now a twenty-four hours ‘s. Clothing in the Victorian Age was really different from dressing around this clip. The Wedding Dress ranged from really luxuriant to some what inexpensive looking, early, mid, and late Victorian frock. Normally around this clip period, adult females wore a gown designed by Worth ( interior decorator from Paris ) and if they could n't afford they would copy one of the masters. They wore long head coverings, two bodices, but most of the adult females wore full trains and elegant inside informations. Womans wore a fitted bodice accompanied with a little waist and a full skirt. The frock was normally made out of organdie, tulle, lacing, silk, linen, or cashmere. The head covering was constructed from all right gauze, cotton ( sheer ) and sometimes lacing. Around this clip period most frocks cost $ 500 and the head covering cost normally about $ 125. â€Å" The maid of honors should be younger than the bride, their frocks should be conformed to hers ; they should non be any more expensive, though they are permitted more flowery ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.burrows.com/booknotes/wedding.html. ) They are by and large chosen of visible radiation, graceful stuff ; flowers are the chief decoration.A The bride ‘s frock is marked by simpleness. But few gems or decorations should be worn, and those should be the gift of the bridegroom or parents. A head covering and Garland are the separating characteristics of the dress.A The maid of honors assist in dressing the bride, having the company, etc. ; and, at the clip of the ceremonial, base at her left side, the first maid of honor keeping the corsage and baseball mitts. â€Å" ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.burrows.com/booknotes/wedding.html. ) The girdle was worn sometimes two and three at a clip underneath the nuptials frock depending on what was peculiarly in manner at the clip that your nuptials took place.A Work force wore really fancy or out-of-date dinner jacket. Boutonnieres were really big and made of lilies, A gardenia or a piece ofA stephanotis. I think that back in the clip of the great Queen Victoria manner was seen as a different sort of civilization that was desired by every adult females that genuinely believed that they could look beautiful. There were many of import traditions. Back in the epoch of Victorian England, it was tradition for the bride to have on an hair garland with fresh or dried lowers on a wire construction. Some of the flowers that were used for these garlands were roses, A chrysanthemums, and illumination clove pinks. The drying of the flowers and garlands was a really common tradition back in the Victorian epoch. The twosome would seek and continue the flowers or garland by hanging them upside down. You can besides utilize a wire mesh or vase but these are more modern ways of the art. The Wedding Ceremony and Reception were critical elements for the construct of nuptialss in the Victorian Era. You normally had our marrying held in the church. â€Å" When the ceremonial is performed in a church, the bride enters at the left, with her male parent, female parent, and maid of honors ; or, at all events, with a maid of honor. The groom enters at the right, followed by hisA attenders. The parents stand behind, theA attendantsA at the either side. The bride should be certain that her baseball mitt is readily removable ; the groom, that the ring is where he can happen it, to avoid hold andA embarrassment. â€Å" ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.burrows.com/booknotes/wedding.html. ) In England if you were traveling to be married by a curate or sermonizer there were different books that the denominations studied to better understand how the ceremonial would be held. The Methodists they studied the â€Å" Book of Discipline † . The Episcopalians studied their â €Å" Book of Common Prayer † , and the Catholics studied their ritual. You know how now a yearss when you get married you have fiting nuptials rings with luxuriant designs and such. Well back in the Victorian age, they wore apparent sets made of gold with their initials and sometimes the day of the month they got married engraved on the interior of their rings. In England, a state bride and her nuptials party walked to church on a rug of flowers to guarantee a happy way through life. For the wealthier, a gray Equus caballus drawing the nuptials passenger car was considered good fortune. Church bells pealed Forth as the twosome entered the church, non merely to do the public aware of the ceremonial taking topographic point, but besides to frighten away any evil forces skulking nearby. In the clip of Queen Victoria, there were three different marrying bars. The groom ‘s bar was dark and the bride ‘s bar was white accompanied with luxuriant designs and the 3rd bar wa s merely a bar that was chiefly for the visitants and invitees. â€Å" The ring for matrimony within a twelvemonth ; the penny for wealth, my beloved ; the thimble for an old amah or unmarried man born ; the button for sweeties all forlorn. â€Å" ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.literary-liaisons.com/article004.html. ) Very Rarely people had their nuptialss at their house. My parents got married in the same church that they now attend, that is a tradition that has been carried out since theA VictorianA age. You were expected to return to the church that you said your vows in it was merely one guess polite but non forced. Peoples unlike presents would n't state everyone where they were traveling on their honeymoon, but the parties everyone was invited to. Basically, the newly-wed hubby and married woman would go forth after the response like in modern times, but they would n't state anyone where they were traveling it was about like an escapade. He would taker out to a far off topographic point where cipher could happen her. In modern times, we have the response right after the nuptials but in the Victorian epoch they had the response a few yearss after the nuptials like three or so yearss and it would either be at their house or the church and if it was to be held at the church than their were regulations. There were many nuptials imposts that were supposed to be followed, along with many regulations and ordinances. There were many regulations and ordinances. Nowadays we do n't acquire to hit our married woman on the caput with her shoe to demo our authorization, but we do assure to protect her and ticker over her for the remainder of our lives.A These are fundamentally the generalA mandatoryA regulations that had to be followed. The bride was older than her maid of honors. Her frock was less flamboyant than the maid of honors frocks were and the brides frock was given to her or paid for her by her fiance ‘s parents. Some of the Torahs were more seen more of import than others but most were merely minor inside informations that had to be done and seen after. Basically, the bride enters on the left side, the groom enters on the right, and each of them has an attendant attach toing them. The parents stand behind their boy or girl. The bride has her glove ready and the groom has the ring. A batch of the things that the Victorians did are still carried out in modern times. Their were a batch of limitations and things looked down upon. It was considered a fraud to be divorced in the age of Queen Victoria it was seen as absurd and frowned upon. So when it occurred, really seldom one might add, so he conserve ( I conjecture ) still had to pay for and back up his married woman. It was considered a fraud to be divorced in the age of Queen Victoria it was seen as absurd and frowned upon. So when it occurred, really seldom one might add, so he conserve ( I conjecture ) still had to pay for and back up his married woman. Evil liquors were said to hold been skulking around nuptialss and so the hubby and wifeA didn'tA get to imbibe their bubbly after they were toasted because they felt as if they did the immorality liquors would stalk them or something. â€Å" Etiquette says that, except for the bubbly toast that accompanies cake cutting, the bride and groom should non sip from their spectacless when they are toasted. Clinking spectacless together after a toast was originally intended to bring forth a bell-like sound to guard off evil liquors. â€Å" ( Cerier, Allison Brown, ed.A Handcrafted References. ) About everything included in the nuptials shows some act of symbolism. Colorss represented certain things. The colour of the frock showed a batch about the bride an how successful she expected her marrying twenty-four hours and matrimony to turn out and in the long tally how in love they would be and such. â€Å" White — chosen right, Blue — love will be true, Yellow — ashamed of her chap, Red — wish herself dead, Black — wish herself back, Grey — travel far off, Pink — of you he ‘ll ever believe, Green-ashamed to be seen â€Å" Marry on Monday for wellness, Tuesday for wealth, Wednesday the best twenty-four hours of all, Thursday for crosses, Friday for losingss, and Saturday for no fortune at all. â€Å" ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.literary-liaisons.com/article003.html. ) Weddings were less luxuriant, because people did n't like pretentious ornaments and they were much more concluding than now a twenty-four hours ‘s. As I said early in my paper, divorce was extremely looked down upon and really rare. There were three different ages with in the Victorian Era, which leads me to state that their were three different manners, one for each age.